Abstract This study points out factors that deepen the digital gaps in rural schools in Peru in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, basic rural education is addressed before and during the pandemic a few factors that intensify the digital gaps, existing inclusion policies and several recommendations to reduce them. It is a qualitative, analytical-descriptive study, with comparative elements between urban and rural, specifically in the Andean region of Peru. Some factors accentuate the digital gaps, such as connectivity, devices, appropriation of technology, and inadequate teacher training, among others. The study highlights the need to enhance the binomial connectivity and teacher training for the use of communication and information technologies and for intercultural dialogue in the learning processes.

Resumen Se estudian los factores que acentúan las brechas digitales de las escuelas rurales en el Perú en el contexto de la pandemia del COVID-19. De esa forma, se aborda la educación básica rural antes y durante la pandemia, factores que acentúan las brechas digitales, políticas de inclusión existentes y diversas recomendaciones para reducirlas. Es un estudio cualitativo, analítico-descriptivo, con elementos comparativos entre lo urbano y lo rural, específicamente la región andina del Perú. Las brechas digitales se acentúan por factores de conectividad, dispositivos, apropiación de la tecnología, inadecuada formación docente, entre otros. El estudio evidencia la necesidad de potencializar el binomio conectividad y formación docente para el uso de las tecnologías de la comunicación y de la información y para el diálogo intercultural en los procesos de aprendizaje.

Resumo Estudam-se os fatores que acentuam as brechas digitais nas escolas rurais no Peru no contexto da pandemia do COVID-19. Dessa forma, se aborda a educação básica rural antes e durante a pandemia, fatores que acentuam as brechas digitais, políticas públicas existentes e diversas recomendações para reduzi-las. É um estudo qualitativo, analítico-descritivo, com elementos comparativos entre o urbano e o rural, especificamente a região andina do Peru. As brechas digitais se acentuam por fatores como conectividade, dispositivos, apropriação da tecnologia, e inadequada formação docente, entre outros. O estudo evidencia a necessidade de potencializar o binômio conectividade y formação docente para o uso das tecnologias da comunicação e da informação e para o diálogo intercultural nos processos de aprendizagem.

Abstract Subtidal observations along the Cape Horn Archipelago, Chile (CHA) in February 2017 revealed an unusually large aggregation (or pod) of juvenile false king crabs, Paralomis granulosa (Hombron and Jacquinot, 1846), in association with kelp forests (Macrocystis pyrifera and Lessonia spp.). This is the first study to report a dense aggregation of juveniles of this crab, which was observed at Wollaston Island (WI) (~ 10 m). Paralomis granulosa was present on half the transects at WI (N=10), with a density of 3.1 ± 9.9 ind. m-2. Photographs from the podding event showed densities of P. granulosa ranging from 63 to 367 ind. plant-1 (190 ± 133 ind. plant-1). Juveniles (32.8 ± 7.3 mm carapace length) were recorded on kelp fronds, holdfasts, kelp stipes, and adjacent rocky bottom of this protected coast. This podding behavior resembles that of other juvenile king crabs in terms of homogeneity in size structure and may be a predator avoidance mechanism. These observations highlight three aspects of this kelp-animal relationship: (i) identification of a previously unknown ecosystem service provided by sub-Antarctic kelp forests to the associated benthic fauna; (ii) the ecological value of kelp as a bioengineering species; and (iii) pods being an important attribute for population assessments. Due to the importance of the CHA in the life cycle for this and other species, we suggest the archipelago be incorporated within the recently established Diego Ramírez Island-Drake Passage Marine Park.

ABSTRACT A recent study of the meiofauna from several intertidal sites along the coast of Chile yielded several gastrotrich specimens. The number of specimens was too small to assess the ecology of the individual species; however, as there are no published records of Gastrotricha in Chile until recently, it is important to document the presence of this group in order to stimulate further research. We report specimens of the genera Lepidodasys, Cephalodasys, Macrodasys, Tetranchyroderma, Xenotrichula and several morphotypes of Turbanella. Additionally, we provide some initial data on the population density of Lepidodasys sp. at Coihuin (Puerto Montt) and an observation of them feeding on nematodes.

Abstract: Integration of meroplankton abundance and hydrographic data was employed to relate the Polygordius exolarvae spatial dynamics with different salinity gradients in order to define the factors that regulate the abundance and spatial distribution along the large estuarine system from southern Chile. The present study aims: i) record the abundance and spatial distribution of Polygordius neustonic exolarvae along of the estuaries with different gradients of salinity located between Guafo Channel, southern Chiloé Island (44° S) to Navarino Island (55° S), Chile; ii) connect this distributional pattern to oceanographic parameters to determine if members of this genus have adapted to euryhaline or stenohaline conditions, and iii) establish a comparison between the abundance of Polygordius and others meroplanktonic taxa collected during CIMAR Cruises 16, 18 and 20 Fjords. Neustonic samples were collected during three oceanographic cruises along southern Chilean fjord/channel systems (~ 1,700 km) with different freshwater supply regimes (CIMAR 16: October/November, 2010, 52° to 55° S; CIMAR 18: June/July, 2012, 44° to 47° S; CIMAR 20: October, 2014, 47° to 50° S), providing evidence to relate the influence of surface salinity on the Polygordius exolarvae spatial distribution of abundance. Polygordius exolarvae (average length=2.9 ± 0.8 mm), the most abundant meroplanktonic taxa within the neustonic community (54.04% of total abundance; 66,228 individuals; NTotal=26 stations), was represented at 81% of stations sampled in CIMAR 16 (mean salinity=30.7 psu), showing higher abundance (1,518 ind. x 5 min of horizontal drag) than for other polychaete larvae (10 types) and other meroneustonic taxa; 60% of the abundance of exolarvae during CIMAR 16 was collected around Dawson Island, Magellan Strait. In CIMAR 18 cruise (mean salinity=24.28 psu), abundance of exolarvae was low (3 ind. x 5 min of horizontal drag) and were collected only at 5 stations along the Moraleda Channel (NTotal=31 stations); no exolarvae were collected duringTCotaIlMAR 20 (Ntotal=39 stations) (mean salinity= 23.26 psu). Polygordius exolarvae have narrow haline/thermal requirements during their pelagic life, where sills and island mass effect could produce a restricted and aggregated spatial distribution in some areas of the study zone.

Resumen: Se integraron datos hidrográficos y abundancia del meroplancton para determinar la posible influencia de la salinidad sobre la dinámica espacial de la abundancia de exolarvas del poliqueto Polygordius sp. en estuarios del sur de Chile. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron: i) determinar la abundancia y la distribución espacial de exolarvas neustónicas del poliqueto Polygordius en una zona estuarial con diferentes gradientes de salinidad localizada entre el canal Guafo, sur de isla de Chiloé (44° S) hasta isla Navarino (55° S), Chile; ii) relacionar este patrón distribucional con las características oceanográficas de la zona de estudio para determinar la respuesta adaptativa de las larvas ante gradientes halinos y termales, y, iii) comparar la abundancia larval de Polygordius en relación a otros taxa meroplanctónicos recolectados durante los cruceros CIMAR 16, 18 y 20. El análisis del neuston de la zona de fiordos y canales del sur de Chile posee diferentes regímenes de aportes de agua dulce (CIMAR 16 - octubre/noviembre de 2010 y 52° a 55° de latitud; CIMAR - 18 junio/julio, 2012 y 44° a 47° de latitud; CIMAR - 20 octubre/noviembre de 2014 y 47° a 50° de latitud), demostrando una relación entre la salinidad superficial y la abundancia de exolarvae. Las exolarvas de Polygordius (longitud promedio=2,9 ± 0,8 mm) fueron el estadio meroneustónico más abundante dentro de la comunidad (54,04% de la abundancia total; 66.228 individuos; N=26 estaciones) y estuvieron representadas en 81% de las estaciones de CIMAR 16 (salinidad promedio=30,7 psu) y dominaron en abundancia sobre larvas de otros poliquetos (10 tipos); en CIMAR 16, 60% de las exolarvas se recolectaron alrededor de la isla Dawson, estrecho de Magallanes. En CIMAR 18 (salinidad promedio=24,28 psu), las exolarvas solo fueron recolectadas a lo largo del canal Moraleda (N=5/31 estaciones). En CIMAR 20 (N=39 estaciones), no fueron recolectadas exolarvas (salinidad promedio=23,26 psu). Las exolarvas de Polygordius poseen estrechos requerimientos de temperatura y salinidad durante su vida pelágica, y la agregación de larvas podría ser provocada por umbrales submarinos y efecto isla en la zona de estudio.

We document latitudinal patterns of infestation of the bopyrid parasite isopod Pseudione tuberculata on southern king crab Lithodes santolla juveniles (20-77 mm carapace length) recruited to fishing grounds in the southern Chilean fjord system. Seven hundred and fifty individuals were collected by semi-autonomous diving in 11 of 21 sampling locations in the study area, along the western margin of the Magellan region between August and October 2013.The prevalence of P. tuberculata varied between 0 and ~22%, and displayed a spatial pattern associated with three areas: i) northern Beagle Channel (10 to ~22%; lengths between 37 and 47 mm), ii) northwestern Navarino Island without infestations (0%; 26-55 mm), and iii) Piazzi Island-Capitán Aracena Island (0-12%; 50-77 mm). Infestations were independent of host sex, while parasite prevalence decreased with host length. No parasites were observed on crabs longer than 60 mm. A comparison of slopes between linearized length-weight regressions suggests that parasitized individuals had lower weight growth than uninfested individuals. Both southern king crab juvenile density and P. tuberculata prevalence were higher in fishing areas towards Beagle Channel where previous research reported lower average surface water temperatures (<6.5°C) and higher surface water salinity (>30). The study area covers five zones relevant for the conservation and protection of sub Antarctic biodiversity, and provides opportunities for large-scale geographic studies of the host-parasite relationship.

Abstract: Caprella ungulina Mayer, 1903 is recorded from shallow waters (50 to 100 m depth) off Navarino Island (55°03’ S, 67°33’ W) and Dawson Island (54°04’ S, 70°24’ W), austral Chile. The material examined (N=289 caprellids) was collected mainly in the mouthparts (55%) of the edible crustacean Paralomis granulosa during 2016 fishery season. The percentage of epibiosis varied between 1.8 and 14.8% of the total host sampled, being collected mainly one caprellid by crab. The mortality of C. ungulina by effects of the P granulosa fishery during 2015 in Magallanes (l,965 ton) produced between 255,450 and 1,061,100 specimens (mean epibiosis of 6.7% ± 4,1%). The mortality by fishing on P granulosa could affect negatively the population dynamic of C. ungulina if is confirmed a high specificity for this biohabitat and the remotion of juveniles that could not reach the reproductive maturity. It is proposed that the ecological relationship between C. ungulina and P granulosa could be defined as comensalism under the following reasons: 1) the guest is largest than the species hosted, 2) the relatively specific relationship between both species, 3) use of food waste provided by the host, 4) use of host as a cryptic habitat, 5) the contribution in transport of the host and 6) physical shelter.

Resumen: Se describe la epibiosis entre el anfípodo Caprella ungulina Mayer, 1903 y el crustáceo comestible Paralomis granulosa (centollón) capturados en aguas someras (50 a 100 m de profundidad) en cuatro sectores en los alrededores de la Isla Navarino (55°03’ S, 67°33’ O) y en una localidad en la Isla Dawson (54°04’ S, 70°24’ O), Chile austral, durante la temporada de pesca de 2016. El material examinado (N=289 ejemplares de caprélidos) se recolectaron principalmente en los apéndices bucales (55%) de P. granulosa. Se determinó que la epibiosis varió entre 1,8 y 14,8% del número total de hospederos analizados, siendo frecuente el hallazgo de un individuo por centollón. La mortalidad de C. ungulina por efectos de la pesquería de P granulosa efectuada el 2015 en Magallanes (l.965 ton; epibiosis promedio de 6,7%) podría variar entre 255.450 y 1.061.100 ejemplares. La mortalidad por pesca de P granulosa podría llegar a afectar negativamente la dinámica poblacional de C. ungulina si se llega a demostrar una alta especificidad por este biohábitat y el uso de éste por individuos juveniles que no alcanzarían su maduración reproductiva. Se propone que la relación ecológica entre C. ungulina y P granulosa podría ser definida como comensalismo por las siguientes causales: 1) el huésped es de mayor tamaño que la especie hospedada, 2) la relación relativamente específica entre ambas especies, 3) el posible uso de residuos alimentarios provistos por el hospedador, 4) un hábitat críptico, 5) el aporte de transporte y 6) abrigo físico.

The pelagic harpacticoid copepod Microsetella rosea inhabits the cold waters along the temperate southern coast of Chile, where its population biology and ecological role in the neuston are unknown. During a CIMAR 16 Fiordos cruise realized in the Magellan Region, 26 neustonic samples were collected to analyze the abundance, spatial distribution of copepodits and oceanographic conditions (temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen). M. rosea copepodits, the most abundant holoneustonic taxa (30% of total abundance), were present at all sampled stations and were 0.5 times more abundant than calanoids. These copepodits inhabited waters ranging between 6.5-8.5ºC and salinity of 26-33, with maximum abundances (1,000-10,000 ind/5 min horizontal drag) at means of 7.2 ± 0.6°C and salinities of 30.7 ± 0.9. Froward Cape, Almirantazgo Sound, and Inútil Bay stations accounted for 65% of total M. rosea abundance, whereas Beagle Channel stations present the lowest abundances (<4%). The entire sampling area was as an oxygenated estuary (7.4 ± 0.4 mL L-1). Given the abundance and recurrence of M. rosea in the Magellanic neuston, future research should assess the ecological functions of this species. Finally,M. rosea could also be used as a biotracer for processes of aggregation in other estuarine neustonic communities of southern Chile.

El copépodo harpacticoide pelágico Microstella rosea habita las aguas frías a lo largo de la costa templada del sur de Chile, donde se desconoce su biología poblacional y rol ecológico en el neuston. Durante el crucero CIMAR 16 Fiordos realizado en la región de Magallanes, se recolectaron 26 muestras neustónicas para analizar la abundancia, distribución espacial de los copepodítos y condiciones oceanográficas (temperatura, salinidad y oxígeno disuelto). Los copepoditos de M. rosea, el taxa holoneustónico más abundante (30%), se encontraron en todas las estaciones analizadas y fueron 0,5 veces más abundantes que los copépodos calanoides. Los copepoditos habitaron aguas de 6.5-8.5ºC, con salinidades de 26-33, con máximos de abundancia (1.00010.000 ind/5 min arrastre horizontal) con promedios de 7,2 ± 0,6°C y 30,7 ± 0,9 de salinidad. En las estaciones localizadas en Cabo Froward, Seno Almirantazgo y Bahía Inútil se colectó el 65% de la abundancia total de copepoditos; mientras que en las estaciones del Canal Beagle se registraron las menores abundancias (<4%). Toda el área de muestreo representa un estuario oxigenado (7,4 ± 0,4 mL L-1). Dada la abundancia y recurrencia de M. rosea en el neuston magallánico, se deberían efectuar futuras investigaciones para evaluar las funciones ecológicas de este copépodo. Finalmente, M. rosea podría ser utilizado como un biotrazador para procesos de agregación en otras comunidades estuarinas neustónicas del sur de Chile.

El té (Camellia sinensis) ha sido usado durante siglos como bebida medicinal y es consumido por cerca de dos tercios de la población mundial diariamente. Es originario del sur de China y es cultivado extensamente en Asia y en los países de África central. Los tres principales tipos de son: negro, oolong y verde. El té verde es una bebida no fermentada y su consumo es habitual en los países asiáticos. Este último se produce a partir de las hojas frescas de la planta Camellia sinensis y en ellas existe: agua, proteínas, hidratos de carbono, minerales, vitaminas y polifenoles del tipo flavonoides. Los principales flavonoides en el té verde son las catequinas, las cuales constituyen cerca de un tercio de su peso seco total. La catequina más abundante es la galato de epigalocatequina (>50%). En los últimos años ha crecido el interés en el té verde y sus catequizas y su papel en la disminución de los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV). El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar numerosos estudios acerca del té y su relación con diferentes factores de riesgo de ECV. De algunos de ellos puede resumirse que el té verde y sus catequinas (i) tienen efecto reductor del peso corporal, posiblemente a través de su interferencia sobre el sistema adrenosimpático y de enzimas que intervienen en la síntesis de ácidos grasos, (ii) presentan actividad antioxidante con incrementos de la fase de latencia en la oxidación de las LDL, (iii) reducen la absorción del colesterol y sus niveles plasmáticos, (iv) interfieren la expresión de moléculas de adhesión celular, (v) tienen actividad antitrombótica al inhibir la agregación plaquetaria y (vi) disminuyen la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica. Aunque estos efectos positivos sugieren que un consumo superior a 7 tazas de té verde al día (3,5 g de catequinas diarias) es una buena elección para prevenir las ECV, son aún necesarios más estudios que profundicen en los mecanismos de acción del té verde y sus catequinas en el ser humano, para así poder recomendar su uso en la prevención y tratamiento de las ECV en la población en general o sólo en individuos "diana".

The green tea, a good choice for cardiovascular disease prevention?. Tea (Camellia sinensis) has been used for centuries as a medical drink. Around two-thirds of the world’s population drink tea. It is originated from southern China and entensive cultivated in Asia and in central African countries. Tea can be grouped into three main types, black, oolong, and green tea. Green tea is not fermented and is a major beverage consumed in Asian countries. Green tea is produced from freshly harvest leaves of the tea plant and they contain water, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and polyphenols of the flavonoid type. The major flavonoids in green tea are catechins which constitute about one third of its total dry weight. The major catechin present is epigallocatechin gallate (>50%). New data have increased the interest in green tea or its catechins and its role in treatment of cardiovascular disease (CHD) risk factors. The aim of the present paper is to review some studies that have found a relationship between green tea and CHD risk factors. From some of them it can be summarized that of green tea and its catechins consumptions (i) decrease body weight by interfering within the sympathoadrenal system and fatty acid synthesis, (ii) decrease cholesterol absorption and plasma levels, (iii) have strong free radical-scavenging activity inhibiting LDL oxidation, (iv) reduce the adhesion molecule expression, (v) have antitrombotic activities by inhibiting platelet aggregation and (vi) decrease systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The positive effects found suggest that a daily intake of 7 cups of green tea (3.5 g catechins) is a good choose for CHD prevention; however, it is still necessary more studies to check the action of the green tea and its catechins in humans in order to recommended its use in the general population or only in target subjects.